2013/06/22
What Is Kidney Failure? and Brief introduction
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Chronic kidney failure, also known as end stage renal disease or ESRD, is a condition where the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste from the bloodstream to convert into urine. Once the kidneys are so damaged that they cannot filter the blood, the patient will require dialysis or a kidney transplant in order to live. When the kidneys fail, dialysis -- a treatment where the blood is filtered and cleaned to do the work the kidneys cannot -- is performed. While dialysis can do the essential work of the kidneys, the treatment is expensive and time-consuming, requiring a minimum of three 3-hour treatments per week. Kidney transplant surgery is the only "cure" for end stage renal disease, as a functional kidney transplant will remove the need for dialysis. A transplant poses its own challenges, but provides a great improvement in overall health when the surgery is successful.
Diabetic Nephropathy problem
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Uncontrolled diabetes is the #1 cause of kidney failure in the worldwide countries, responsible for over 30% of the patients with the disease. The majority of kidney transplant recipients have either type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Over time, high levels of glucose in the blood destroys the kidney’s ability to filter toxins and waste from the blood. The glucose molecule is larger than the molecules that the kidney is supposed to filter. The filtering mechanism is damaged as glucose is forced into the urine, and thus the kidney loses the ability to filter small molecules. The damage continues until it is so severe that waste begins to build up in the bloodstream.
Blood tests will typically show both elevated creatinine and BUN levels. When the waste begins to build up, dialysis or a kidney transplant is the next step for treatment.
Uncontrolled diabetes is the #1 cause of kidney failure in the worldwide countries, responsible for over 30% of the patients with the disease. The majority of kidney transplant recipients have either type 1 or type 2 diabetes.Over time, high levels of glucose in the blood destroys the kidney’s ability to filter toxins and waste from the blood. The glucose molecule is larger than the molecules that the kidney is supposed to filter. The filtering mechanism is damaged as glucose is forced into the urine, and thus the kidney loses the ability to filter small molecules. The damage continues until it is so severe that waste begins to build up in the bloodstream.
Blood tests will typically show both elevated creatinine and BUN levels. When the waste begins to build up, dialysis or a kidney transplant is the next step for treatment.
Hypertensive Nephropathy problem and Complication
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Hypertension, or high blood pressure, causes scarring of the kidney tissues. As the blood pressure rises, the kidneys try to compensate for the increasing pressure. Scar tissue accumulates over the course of months and years until the kidneys' ability to filter the blood is impaired.
Left untreated, high blood pressure continues to cause scarring in the kidneys until they fail and dialysis or a kidney transplant becomes necessary.
Causes of Kidney Failure : 26.8% caused by high blood pressure.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, causes scarring of the kidney tissues. As the blood pressure rises, the kidneys try to compensate for the increasing pressure. Scar tissue accumulates over the course of months and years until the kidneys' ability to filter the blood is impaired.Left untreated, high blood pressure continues to cause scarring in the kidneys until they fail and dialysis or a kidney transplant becomes necessary.
Causes of Kidney Failure : 26.8% caused by high blood pressure.
Chronic Kidney Failure Brief introduction
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Chronic kidney infections cause scarring of the kidneys, similar to the scarring caused by high blood pressure and diabetes. With each infection, the damage is increased, until the kidneys lose the ability to filter small particles from the bloodstream.
The more frequent and more serious the infections, the greater the likelihood that kidney failure will result. Urinary tract infections that are ignored can lead to kidney infections that persist until treated with antibiotics.
If enough infections are severe enough, or ignored and untreated, the result can be the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Chronic kidney infections cause scarring of the kidneys, similar to the scarring caused by high blood pressure and diabetes. With each infection, the damage is increased, until the kidneys lose the ability to filter small particles from the bloodstream.The more frequent and more serious the infections, the greater the likelihood that kidney failure will result. Urinary tract infections that are ignored can lead to kidney infections that persist until treated with antibiotics.
If enough infections are severe enough, or ignored and untreated, the result can be the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Polycystic kidney disease hazards
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There are two types of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). The first, Autosomal Dominant PKD (ADPKD), is a very common inherited disease -- a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease if either parent carries it. One in 500 newborns has ADPKD, which causes cysts to grow on the kidneys and leads to kidney failure in 50% of cases.
Autosomal Recessive PKD (ARPKD) is less common, but is a far more severe form of the disease. Both parents must be a carrier for the disease, and their children have a 25% chance of having ARPKD. Approximately 1 in 20,000 newborns have the disease.
In this form of the disease, cysts grow inside the kidney, causing such severe damage that many patients die in the first month of life.
For those who survive, one-third will require dialysis by the age of 10. To make matters worse, children with ARPKD also have associated liver disease that can also cause life-threatening problems.
Autosomal Recessive PKD (ARPKD) is less common, but is a far more severe form of the disease. Both parents must be a carrier for the disease, and their children have a 25% chance of having ARPKD. Approximately 1 in 20,000 newborns have the disease.
In this form of the disease, cysts grow inside the kidney, causing such severe damage that many patients die in the first month of life.
For those who survive, one-third will require dialysis by the age of 10. To make matters worse, children with ARPKD also have associated liver disease that can also cause life-threatening problems.
Kidney Cancer problem
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The growth of a tumor in the kidney, either cancerous or benign, can cause tremendous damage to the structures of the kidney. A typical adult kidney measures approximately 10 centimeters by 5 centimeters, yet tumors within the kidney can reach 10 centimeters in diameter or larger before the patient feels the slightest effects.
By the time the tumor is found, even if it is non-cancerous, the kidney may no longer be functioning. In some cases, the damage is so severe that the kidney must be removed to prevent damage to other organs, including the heart. If the remaining kidney is also not functioning well, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be required.
You may have no symptoms at first. They may appear as the cancer grows. See your health care provider if you notice :
Blood in your urine
A lump in your abdomen and pain in your side that does not go away
Loss of appetite and weight loss
The growth of a tumor in the kidney, either cancerous or benign, can cause tremendous damage to the structures of the kidney. A typical adult kidney measures approximately 10 centimeters by 5 centimeters, yet tumors within the kidney can reach 10 centimeters in diameter or larger before the patient feels the slightest effects.
By the time the tumor is found, even if it is non-cancerous, the kidney may no longer be functioning. In some cases, the damage is so severe that the kidney must be removed to prevent damage to other organs, including the heart. If the remaining kidney is also not functioning well, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be required.
You may have no symptoms at first. They may appear as the cancer grows. See your health care provider if you notice :
Blood in your urine
A lump in your abdomen and pain in your side that does not go away
Loss of appetite and weight loss
Congenital kidney disease
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A congenital kidney abnormality is a problem with the kidney that is present at birth. Abnormalities range from abnormal structures, blocked urine flow, unusual position of the kidneys that impairs function, or even being born with only one kidney. If the problem is severe enough, kidney failure may result.
Types of congenital abnormalities of kidneys
Absence of one kidney: Also called agenesis when there is absence of one kidney the corresponding ureter is also absent. In this case the single kidney increases to almost twice its normal size and takes over the function of two kidneys
Supernumary kidney: There may be more than one kidney on one or both sides.
Hypoplasia: When a kidney attains a smaller size than normal or functions less it is called hypoplasia.
A congenital kidney abnormality is a problem with the kidney that is present at birth. Abnormalities range from abnormal structures, blocked urine flow, unusual position of the kidneys that impairs function, or even being born with only one kidney. If the problem is severe enough, kidney failure may result.Types of congenital abnormalities of kidneys
Absence of one kidney: Also called agenesis when there is absence of one kidney the corresponding ureter is also absent. In this case the single kidney increases to almost twice its normal size and takes over the function of two kidneys
Supernumary kidney: There may be more than one kidney on one or both sides.
Hypoplasia: When a kidney attains a smaller size than normal or functions less it is called hypoplasia.
Kidney stones problems
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Kidney stones, problems with the ureters (the tubes that allow urine to flow out of the kidney and into the bladder), and other conditions can prevent urine from draining from the kidneys. Typically, the problem begins in the kidney, but in some rare cases, the bladder cannot empty and urine will back up into the ureters, then into the kidneys.
Once the blockage is severe, the kidney become damaged as urine continues to be produced, but cannot flow out of the kidney. This condition can be extremely painful and may result in surgery to release the build-up of urine.
If the problem is left untreated, the kidney may no longer function and may even need to be surgically removed. In most cases, the undamaged kidney will be able to compensate; however, if the other kidney is also damaged, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary.
Kidney stones, problems with the ureters (the tubes that allow urine to flow out of the kidney and into the bladder), and other conditions can prevent urine from draining from the kidneys. Typically, the problem begins in the kidney, but in some rare cases, the bladder cannot empty and urine will back up into the ureters, then into the kidneys.
Once the blockage is severe, the kidney become damaged as urine continues to be produced, but cannot flow out of the kidney. This condition can be extremely painful and may result in surgery to release the build-up of urine.
If the problem is left untreated, the kidney may no longer function and may even need to be surgically removed. In most cases, the undamaged kidney will be able to compensate; however, if the other kidney is also damaged, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary.
Lupus nephritis and Complications
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Lupus nephritis is a kidney disorder that is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, or lupus) is an autoimmune disease. This means there is a problem with the body's immune system. Normally, the immune system helps protect the body from infection or harmful substances. But in patients with an autoimmune disease, the immune system cannot tell the difference between harmful substances and healthy ones. As a result, the immune system attacks otherwise healthy cells and tissue.
SLE may damage different parts of the kidney, leading to interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and membranous GN. It may rapidly worsen to kidney failure.
Lupus nephritis affects approximately 3 out of every 10,000 people. In children with SLE, about half will have some form or degree of kidney involvement.
More than half of patients have not had other symptoms of SLE when they are diagnosed with lupus nephritis. SLE is most common in women ages 20 - 40.
Symptoms of lupus nephritis include:
Blood in the urine
Foamy appearance to urine
High blood pressure
Swelling of any area of the body
Medicines may include corticosteroids or other medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, or azathioprine.
You may need dialysis to control symptoms of kidney failure, sometimes for only a while. A kidney transplant may be recommended. People with active lupus should not have a transplant because the condition can occur in the transplanted kidney.
Possible Complications
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
End-stage renal disease
Nephrotic syndrome
Lupus nephritis is a kidney disorder that is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, or lupus) is an autoimmune disease. This means there is a problem with the body's immune system. Normally, the immune system helps protect the body from infection or harmful substances. But in patients with an autoimmune disease, the immune system cannot tell the difference between harmful substances and healthy ones. As a result, the immune system attacks otherwise healthy cells and tissue.
SLE may damage different parts of the kidney, leading to interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and membranous GN. It may rapidly worsen to kidney failure.
Lupus nephritis affects approximately 3 out of every 10,000 people. In children with SLE, about half will have some form or degree of kidney involvement.
More than half of patients have not had other symptoms of SLE when they are diagnosed with lupus nephritis. SLE is most common in women ages 20 - 40.
Symptoms of lupus nephritis include:
Blood in the urine
Foamy appearance to urine
High blood pressure
Swelling of any area of the body
Medicines may include corticosteroids or other medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, or azathioprine.
You may need dialysis to control symptoms of kidney failure, sometimes for only a while. A kidney transplant may be recommended. People with active lupus should not have a transplant because the condition can occur in the transplanted kidney.
Possible Complications
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
End-stage renal disease
Nephrotic syndrome
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