Congenital kidney disease

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A congenital kidney abnormality is a problem with the kidney that is present at birth. Abnormalities range from abnormal structures, blocked urine flow, unusual position of the kidneys that impairs function, or even being born with only one kidney. If the problem is severe enough, kidney failure may result.
Types of congenital abnormalities of kidneys
Absence of one kidney: Also called agenesis when there is absence of one kidney the corresponding ureter is also absent. In this case the single kidney increases to almost twice its normal size and takes over the function of two kidneys
Supernumary kidney: There may be more than one kidney on one or both sides.
Hypoplasia: When a kidney attains a smaller size than normal or functions less it is called hypoplasia.


Dysplasia: When a certain part of the kidney forms abnormal tissues it is called dysplasia.
Fused kidney: About 1 in every 1000 individuals has some form of fused kidney. The commonest example is the horse shoe shaped kidney where the lower ends of the kidneys are fused similarto a horse shoe. Another example is S shaped kidney.
Congenital hydronephrosis: It is usually bilateral and the kidney become enlarged due to some obstruction like folds or valves in the urethra. In hydroneohrosis the renal tissue is damaged and the kidney functions may deteriorate.
Ectopic kidney: When the kidney is not located at its correct place it is said to be an ectopic kidney. The left kidney is more frequently ectopic than the right.
Pelvic kidney: Here one of the kidney fails to ascend to its normal position and remains in the pelvis. The other kidney is usually normally positioned.
Rotated kidney: The kidney is rotated on the vertical axis.
S shaped kidney: Both kidneys are on one side and fuse end to end making an S shape. 
Aberrant blood vessels: Sometimes along with the main artery supplying the kidney (renal artery) there is an extra artery called aberrant renal artery which is small. Sometimes this artery becomes large and is associated with hydronephrosis (swelling of kidney).
Cysts in the kidney: Solitary renal cyst, unilateral multicystic kidney, sponge kidney and polycystic kidney are some of the important cystic deformities.