Kidney stones problems

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Kidney stones, problems with the ureters (the tubes that allow urine to flow out of the kidney and into the bladder), and other conditions can prevent urine from draining from the kidneys. Typically, the problem begins in the kidney, but in some rare cases, the bladder cannot empty and urine will back up into the ureters, then into the kidneys.

Once the blockage is severe, the kidney become damaged as urine continues to be produced, but cannot flow out of the kidney. This condition can be extremely painful and may result in surgery to release the build-up of urine.

If the problem is left untreated, the kidney may no longer function and may even need to be surgically removed. In most cases, the undamaged kidney will be able to compensate; however, if the other kidney is also damaged, dialysis or a kidney transplant may                           be necessary.

Lupus nephritis and Complications

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Lupus nephritis is a kidney disorder that is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, or lupus) is an autoimmune disease. This means there is a problem with the body's immune system. Normally, the immune system helps protect the body from infection or harmful substances. But in patients with an autoimmune disease, the immune system cannot tell the difference between harmful substances and healthy ones. As a result, the immune system attacks otherwise healthy cells and tissue.

SLE may damage different parts of the kidney, leading to interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and membranous GN. It may rapidly worsen to kidney failure.


Lupus nephritis affects approximately 3 out of every 10,000 people. In children with SLE, about half will have some form or degree of kidney involvement.

More than half of patients have not had other symptoms of SLE when they are diagnosed with lupus nephritis. SLE is most common in women ages 20 - 40.

Symptoms of lupus nephritis include:
Blood in the urine
Foamy appearance to urine
High blood pressure
Swelling of any area of the body
Medicines may include corticosteroids or other medications that suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, or azathioprine.

You may need dialysis to control symptoms of kidney failure, sometimes for only a while. A kidney transplant may be recommended. People with active lupus should not have a transplant because the condition can occur in the transplanted kidney.

Possible Complications
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
End-stage renal disease
Nephrotic syndrome

CKD has been a worldwide worrisome health problem

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CKD has been a worldwide worrisome health problem in recent years. CKD is defined as either kidney damages or decreased GFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 over 3 month (The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) of the National Kidney Foundation).

CKD can be categorized to 5 stages, ranging from nearly normal kidney function to renal failure, which denotes the total or near-total loss of your kidney function and requires dialysis or kidney transplant.