About Histology of Experimental

                    Figure 1                                                                      Figure 2 

The increasing number of patients who suffer from chronic kidney diseases combined with the organ shortage have directed the attention of researchers to new alternatives in the fields of regenerative medicine including cell-based therapies and tissue bioengineering. This review of renal regenerative medicine addresses the mechanisms of action by stem cells to regenerate or repair chronically damaged renal tissue, alternative routes for their delivery, the role of biomaterials in tissue engineering, and the potential therapeutic effects of combining cell therapy with biomaterials. 

Despite the promise of ongoing work for therapy of chronic renal failure, caution is required as a large gap still exists between scientific knowledge and clinical translation for safe, effective stem cell-based therapies.
Figure 1 : Histology of experimental chronic renal failure included after 5/6 renal mass reduction. Severe interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis.
Figure 2 : Histology of experimental chronic renal failure after treatment with biomaterial seeded with 8 units of mesenchymal stem cells. Mild interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis and tubular degeneration.

About Stem Cell biotherapy

Patients with chronic kidney disease that are candidates for dialysis or transplants should consider stem cell biotherapy. This is particularly true with individuals that have persistent impaired renal function as measured by elevated BUN, Creatinine, abnormal 24 hour creatinine clearance test and decreased glomerular filtration rate.

To evaluate your condition it would be desirable for us to review a report on either a renal ultrasound or renal scan. Patients from the age of five years to eighty years are suitable for this type of treatment.

The source of the stem cells is umbilical cord blood and umbilical cord. The blood is carefully screened to rule out HIV, Hepatitis B and C, and Cytomegalovirus.

The patient is also given stem cell growth factor and placed on a specific protocol following treatment to ensure the engraftment, survival and safe proliferation of the cells. Post procedure, the patient is followed once a month with standard kidney function tests including BUN, Creatinine, 24 hour creatinine clearance test and glomerular filtration rate to determine progress.

Examples to explain the regulating role of the kidneys

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The kidney can correct any imbalances by:
Removing excess acid (hydrogen ion) or bases (bicarbonate) in the urine and
Restoring the bicarbonate concentration in the blood to normal
The kidney cells produce a constant amount of hydrogen ion and bicarbonate because of their own cellular metabolism (production of carbon dioxide). Through a carbonic anhydrase reaction similar to the red blood cells, hydrogen ions get produced and secreted into the lumen of the nephron. Also, bicarbonate ions get produced and secreted into the blood. In the lumen of the nephron, filtered bicarbonate combines with secreted hydrogen ions to form carbon dioxide and water (carbonic anhydrase is also present on the luminal surface of the kidney cells). Whether the kidney removes hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions in the urine depends upon the amount of bicarbonate filtered in the glomerulus from the blood relative to the amount of hydrogen ions secreted by the kidney cells. If the amount of filtered bicarbonate is greater than the amount of secreted hydrogen ions, then bicarbonate will be lost in the urine. Likewise, If the amount of secreted hydrogen ion is greater than the amount of filtered bicarbonate, then hydrogen ions will be lost in the urine (i.e. acidic urine).

Renal acid-base balance

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When you drink a large glass of water, the water gets absorbed into the blood and the following happens:
The absorbed water increases the amount of water filtered in the glomerulus.
The absorbed water in the blood reduces the Na concentration a little.
The reduced Na concentration lowers the amount of Na filtered in the glomerulus.
The nephron reabsorbs all of the reduced Na load and some of the accompanying water, leaving excess water in the filtrate.
The reduced Na concentration is sensed by the osmoreceptors.
The osmoreceptors do not secrete as much ADH.

Between water and kidneys

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Your kidneys have the ability to conserve or waste water. For example, if you drink a large glass of water, you'll find that you will have the urge to urinate within an hour or so. In contrast, if you don't drink for a while, such as overnight, you will not produce much urine and it will usually be very concentrated (i.e. darker). How does your kidney know the difference? The answer to this question involves two mechanisms:


The structure and transport properties of the loop of Henle in the nephron.
The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, secreted by the pituitary gland.
The loop of Henle has a descending limb and an ascending limb. As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, water is reabsorbed, but ions (Na,Cl) aren't. 

Nephron work

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Some substances are secreted from the plasma into the lumen by the cells of the nephron. Examples of such substances are ammonia (NH3). As in reabsorption,­ there are transporters on the cells that can move these specific subs­tances into the lumen.
Now let's put all of these processes -- filtration, reabsorption and secretion -- together to understand how the kidneys maintain a constant composition of the blood. Let's say that you decide to eat several bags of salty (NaCl) potato chips at one sitting. The Na will be absorbed into your blood by your intestines, increasing the concentration of Na in your blood. 

Glomerular work

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Once inside the lumen of the nephron, small molecules, such as ions, glucose and amino acids, get reabsorbed from the filtrate:

• Specialized proteins called transporters are located on the membranes of the various cells of the nephron.
• These transporters grab the small molecules from the filtrate as it flows by them.
• Each transporter grabs only one or two types of molecules. For example, glucose is reabsorbed by a transporter that also grabs sodium.
• Transporters are concentrated in different parts of the nephron. For example, most of the Na transporters are located in the proximal tubule, while fewer ones are spread out through other segments.

The internal structure of the kidney

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If you were to cut a kidney in half, you would see the following parts:

• Renal Capsule - a thin, outer membrane that helps protect the kidney
• Cortex - a lightly colored outer region
• Medulla - a darker, reddish-brown, inner region
• Renal Pelvis - a flat, funnel-shaped cavity that collects the urine into the ureters

If you look closely at the cortex and medulla, you can see many tiny, tubular structures that stretch across both regions perpendicular to the surface of the kidney. In each kidney, there are one million of these structures, called nephrons. The nephron is the basic unit of the kidney. It's a long, thin tube that is closed at one end, has two twisted regions interspaced with a long hairpin loop, ends in a long straight portion and is surrounded by capillaries.

Kidney function

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Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They are located in the middle of your back, just below your rib cage, on either side of your spine. Your kidney weigh about 0.5 percent of your total body weight. Although the kidneys are small organs by weight, they receive a huge amount -- 20 percent -- of the blood pumped by the heart. The large blood supply to your kidney enable them to do the following tasks :

Renal Failure Treatments

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How to treat Renal Failure effectively? Renal Failure, the shorten form of Chronic Renal Failure, that is a process of renal fibrosis. As for patients with Renal Failure, with the renal functional cells damaged, the excretion function of kidney will be blocked, which will lead to serious waste product accumulation，and then affect renal function seriously. Then, How to treat Renal Failure effectively? Here, specialists introduce some medical knowledge to you:First, protopathy treatment: patients should insist on long-term treatments for Primary or Secondary Glomerulus Nephritis, Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus and Kidney Disease.

Natural Ways to Improve the Kidney Function in Renal Failure

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If not treated well in time, Renal Failure can result in fatal consequences. Acute kidney failure results when the kidneys fail temporarily. When the kidneys are affected permanently, it is called as chronic kidney failure. Other than drugs and chemicals, natural remedies can help us to improve the kidney function.
1. 
ExerciseProper and regular exercise can benefit us from the following aspects:* Reduce fluid retention* Reduce the risk of diabetes, and improve blood sugar* Improve circulation* Reduce stress and lift mood disorders, like depression* Boost immune systemConsult your doctor or our online service for suitable physical activity you can do and the frequency.

The Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease

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When you are suffering from CKD, correct treatment is as important as an immediate one. On the basis of our comprehensive exam and then systemic diagnosis, we deliver the patients the best personalized outcomes.

We dive deeply into not only traditional Chinese medicine, but also western medicine on treating CKD. Traditional Chinese medicine functions as promote the blood circulation and remove the obstruction in blood, in the same time, combine with western medicine's rapid effects to promote the therapeutic effects.

The symptoms of chronic kidney disease

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Symptoms may not appear until your condition progresses to advanced stage. However, there are certain symptoms which could be a sign you develop CKD.

They are:
- Poor appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Ammonia breath
- Difficulty concentrating
- Itchy skin
- Muscle cramp
- Swelling in feet, face or ankles

CKD has been a worldwide worrisome health problem

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CKD has been a worldwide worrisome health problem in recent years. CKD is defined as either kidney damages or decreased GFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 over 3 month (The Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) of the National Kidney Foundation).

CKD can be categorized to 5 stages, ranging from nearly normal kidney function to renal failure, which denotes the total or near-total loss of your kidney function and requires dialysis or kidney transplant.