The meaning and the normal range of blood test indicators

Albumin
Albumin is the major constituent of serum protein (usually over 50%). It is manufactured by the liver from the amino acids taken from the diet. It helps in osmotic pressure regulation, nutrient transport, and waste removal.

High levels are rarely seen and are primarily due to dehydration. Low levels are seen in poor diets, diarrhea, fever, infection, liver disease, inadequate iron intake, third-degree burns and edemas, and hypocalcemia.

Clinical Adult Range : 3.0 g/dL - 5.5 g/dL
Calcium / Albumin Ratio
Elevated in malnutrition or visceral protein loss.
Globulin
Globulins have many diverse functions such as, the carrier of some hormones, lipids, metals, and antibodies. High levels are found in chronic infections, liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, myelomas and lupus. Lower levels may be seen in immune compromised patients, poor dietary habits, malabsorption, liver and kidney disease.

Clinical Adult Range : 2.0 g/dL - 4.0 g/dL
A / G Ratio
A/G Ration is an important indicator of disease states although a high level is not considered clinically significant. It is the ratio of albumin to globulin in the blood serum.

On the basis of differential solubility with a neutral salt solution, the normal values are 3.5 to 5 g/dL for albumin and 2.5 to 4 g/dL for globulin. Although albumin is made exclusively in the liver, globulins are produced in many sites throughout the body.

CLinical Adult Range : 1.1 - 2.5
Alkaline Phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that is found in all body tissue, but the most important sites are bone, liver, bile ducts and the gut.

A high level of alkaline phosphatase in your blood may indicate bone, liver or bile duct disease. Certain drugs may also cause high levels. Growing children, because of bone growth, normally have a higher level than adults do.

Clinical Adult Range : 30 U/L - 115 U/L
SGPT / ALT & SGOT / AST
These are enzymes that are primarily found in the liver. Drinking too much alcohol, certain drugs, liver disease and bile duct disease can cause high levels in the blood.

hepatitis is another problem that can raise these levels. Low levels of GGT may indicate a magnesium deficiency. Low levels of SGPT and SGOT may indicate deficiency of vitamin B6.

Clinical Adult Range : 0 U/L - 41 U/L
GGT
Believed to be involved in the transport of amino acids into cells as well as glutathione metabolism. Found in the liver and will rise with alcohol use, liver disease, or excess magnesium.

Clinical Adult Range : 0 U/L - 55 U/L
LDH
LDH is an enzyme found in all tissues in the body. A high level in the blood can result from a number of different diseases such as hepatitis, anemia etc. Also, slightly elevated levels in the blood are common and usually do not indicate disease. The most common sources of LDH are the heart, liver, muscles, and red blood cells.

Clinical Adult Range : 60 U/L - 225 U/L